Showing posts with label Research Papers. Show all posts

DISCLAIMER: Remember all of the following are just general guidelines and should not be relied on as a precise source for information.
Full Screen Google Sheets

  

Key points to remember:

  • Pressure loss: As fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences pressure loss due to friction. Longer pipes and higher flow rates generally lead to greater pressure loss.
  • Noise: High flow velocities can cause noise in pipes. Minimizing noise often involves using larger pipes or reducing flow rates.
  • Safety: Exceeding the pressure rating of a pipe can be dangerous. Always consult with a qualified professional if you're unsure about the safe operating pressures for your piping system.


NOMOGRAPH: FLOW RATE vs PIPE SIZE


How to use a Nomograph:
  1. You should size your pipe so that your flow velocity stays in the green or yellow range.
  2. The green range is safest, most efficient and will produce little to no noise. 
  3. Flow velocities in the yellow range may be noisy and have additional back pressure. 
  4. Flow velocities in red are not recommended because of the risk of hydraulic shock and pipe/fitting/joint & pump failure.
  5. Find your flow in the first column (GPM) and then select the pipe size you want in the second column (pipe, ID in inches.) 
  6. Draw a straight line between them all the way to the last column. If the line ends up in the green you are good. If it ends in the yellow or red, increase the pipe size until your line ends in the green (best) or yellow (just okay) area.
NOTE: 
These figures are for straight pipe only! The effect of putting direction changes in will compound the back pressure even more and could even result in failure of the system or burning up the pump.
You will never be hurt by going to a bigger pipe and will gain by using less electricity due to a more efficient system which may offset the initial price difference for the larger pipe.



PVC material chemical resistance chart wrt Temperature



References:
https://cdn.flexpvc.com/graphics/head-loss-nomograph-chart.gif
https://flexpvc.com/docs/chemical-ratings.png
https://flexpvc.com/docs/ChemicalRatingsChartForPVCPlastics.pdf
https://flexpvc.com/Reference/FeetOfHeadPressureToPSIChart.pdf
https://flexpvc.com/Reference/PVC-Pipe-Weight-Per-Foot.shtml
https://flexpvc.com/Reference/WaterFlowBasedOnPipeSize.shtml
https://hy-techroofdrains.com/water-flow-through-a-pipe/


Conceptualized by - AK


Technical Notes -
  1. Power delivery and storage systems configured to be able to provide a Power to Weight ratio of ~7lb/hp (235W/Kg), acceleration of 0-60mph in under 3 seconds, quarter mile in under 11 seconds and lap times similar to Hypercars while offering easy handling to a wide range of drivers (from novice to the experienced).
  2. Integration of streamlined old technologies with new inexpensive technologies, to generate an "economic equilibrium" between performance & efficiency.

Question: Ask yourself, why don't we have a smartphone with a battery life of 7 days?


Note:

This article is meant for normal users and not for power users (the flagshippers) who use their phone like a desktop and prefer maximum performance even if it means charging their phone every time they find a charging port.


 
Introduction:

I personally have a Moto Z Play that runs for 3 days straight on a single charge with a total screen on time (SOT) of 15  hours (5 hours SOT per day).
Original XDA thread (with proof)
Original Reddit thread (with criticisms)


It can be further understood that in a single day, my phone's screen and processing were active for 5 hours and the doze (sleep with sync) mode was active for (24-5)=19 hours. This doze time is 3.8 times the 5 hours of SOT per day.


This is attained on a 5.5 inch 1080p display with a battery of 3510 mah and a snapdragon 625 processor (14 nm manufacturing).

Software Changes/Tweaks (to get such an amazing battery life):



Further Technical Changes (required to attain a week long battery life):
  1. The display is downgraded to an ergonomic 4.7inch 720p display (has the same ppi as an Iphone).
  2. The battery capacity is increased to 5000mah.
  3. An increase of 20% in the overall hardware operating efficiency is applied:
    A.) As per regular technological advances in 2 years which has already been achieved in the latest series of Snapdragon hardware, and
    B.) As per the decrease in processing of screen elements due to the display bein down-scaled to 60% (720p) of its original resolution (1080p).
  4. No increase in overall software operating efficiency is assumed as any increase in efficiency gets used by the increase in processing load as software evolves to be heavier with time.

    Intermediate Calculations:
    1. The new screen on time will be:
      15*(1080/720)*(5000/3510)*1.2=~38.5 hours.
      This is equivalent to 5.5 hours of screen on time for all 7 days of the week!
    2. But for most *average* users, the average daily SOT is 4 hours.
    3. So we have an extra SOT of [38.5 hours - (4 hours*7 days)]=10.5 hours on our hands (remember this number it will come in handy later)
    4. Additionally, the doze/sleep mode time is increased to:
      19 hours*3*(5000/3510)*1.2=~97.5 hours.
    5. However, our desired doze/sleep mode time is 20 hours*7=140 hours
      Thus it can be seen that our doze/sleep mode time is short by (140 hours - 97.5 hours)=42.5 hours
    6. This shortcoming can be achieved by now using the extra 10.46 hours of SOT we have on our hands.
      Since we already know that 1 hour of SOT equals 3.8 hours of sleep/doze,
      10.5 hours of SOT =~40 hours.
    7. Thus the doze/sleep mode time is further increased to: 97.5 hours+40 hours= 137.5 hours (this is 2,5 hours short of the desired 140 hours).

    Final Results:
    1. 28 hours of screen on time = 4 hours*7 days
    2. 137.5 hours (2.5 hours short of the required 140 hours) of doze (sleep with sync) time
    3. 6.895 days of battery life (1.5% short of the required 7 days)

    Now, I believe, you can imagine only charging your phone once a week!


    Some things that still may be difficult to accept:
    1. 4 hours of SOT.
    2. 20% increase in total hardware efficiency.
    3. I only used Wi-Fi for internet and not an LTE connection.
    4. I didn't play any games or poorly coded apps (like Facebook's official app).
    5. Weight of phone - the weight of your phone will actually stay the same as we are ditching at least ~20% of the weight of the phone by making its screen smaller thus resulting in lesser size (thus weight) of components being used. This decrease in weight of the phone's body will be balanced by the increase in the weight of the battery by ~30%.

    Lastly..

    If you think that this phone would never actually get you a battery life of 7 days even though you are an *average* user because there are some things you can't make a compromise on, remember that those issues can be addressed by:

    1. Increasing the battery capacity even further or 
    2. Downgrading the Snapdragon processor from the 600 series to one from 400 series. 


    P.S.
    If you still think you can't get a battery life of 7 days, then you are a "power-user".
    Powered by Blogger.